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Section 16 - Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy

Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy - Section 16 of General Chemistry Notes is 10 pages in length (page 16-1 through page 16-10) and covers ALL you'll need to know on the following lecture/textbook topics:

SECTION 16 - Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy

16-1 -- The First Law of Thermodynamics
16-1 -- Spontaneous Processes and Entropy (S)
  · The Definition of Entropy
  · Entropy of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
16-3 -- The Change in Entropy
16-3 -- The Second Law of Thermodynamics
16-4 -- Gibbs Free Energy
  · The Free Energy Change
  · (delta)G = (delta)H - T(delta)S
  · Threshold Temperature
16-5 -- Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
  · Less Disorder vs. More Disorder
  · Standard Entropy Values
  · Calculating the Standard Entropy Value
16-7 -- Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
  · The Standard Free Energy Change
  · Three Ways to Calculate (delta)G°
  · Standard Free Energies of Formation
16-9 -- The Relationship between Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant

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Section 20 - An Introduction to Organic Chemistry

An Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Section 20 of General Chemistry Notes is 13 pages in length (page 20-1 through page 20-13) and covers ALL you'll need to know on the following lecture/textbook topics:

SECTION 20 - An Introduction to Organic Chemistry

20-1 -- The Characteristics of Carbon
20-1 -- Alkanes
  · Saturated Hydrocarbons
  · n-Alkanes vs. Branched Alkanes
  · Systematic Names (IUPAC) and Common Names of Alkanes
20-3 -- Nomenclature of Alkanes
  · Rules for Naming Alkanes
  · Common Alkyl Groups and Alkyl Branches
  · Determining the Structure from the Name
  · Determining the Name from the Structure
20-8 -- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
20-8 -- Alkenes
  · Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds
  · sp2 Hybridized Carbon Atoms
  · Sigma Bonds and Pi Bonds
20-9 -- Stereoisomerism of Alkenes
  · Cis-Trans Isomers
20-9 -- Nomenclature of Alkenes
20-10 -- Alkynes
  · Carbon-Carbon Triple Bonds
  · sp Hybridized Carbon Atoms
  · Sigma Bonds and Pi Bonds
  · Perpendicular Sets of p-orbitals
20-11 -- Naming Alkynes
20-11 -- Hydrocarbon Derivatives
  · Functional Groups
  · Halohydrocarbons
  · Alcohols
  · Aldehydes and Ketones
  · Carboxylic Acids and Esters
  · Amines

Chemistry unknown lesson 2022

 

Section 14 - Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases - Section 14 of General Chemistry Notes is 23 pages in length (page 14-1 through page 14-23) and covers ALL you'll need to know on the following lecture/textbook topics:

SECTION 14 - Acids and Bases

14-1 -- Acid-Base Chemistry
  · Arrhenius Acids and Bases
  · Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
  · Proton (H+) Donors and Proton (H+) Acceptors
  · Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
  · The Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)
14-3 -- Simple Acid Dissociation Reactions
14-4 -- Acid Strength
  · Table of Ka Values for Some Common Acids
  · List of Strong Acids to Know
14-5 -- Amphoteric Substances
  · Auto-Ionization of Water
  · The Dissociation Constant for Water, Kw (“Ion Product for Water“)
14-6 -- The pH Scale
  · The Relationship between pH and [H+]
  · A Shortcut to Calculating pH Values
  · The pOH scale and [OH-]
  · pKw
14-8 -- Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions
14-9 -- Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions
  · Solving for pH Using the ICE Method
  · Weak Acid Equilibrium Expressions
14-11 -- Solutions Containing Two Weak Acids
14-12 -- Percent Dissociation (Percent Ionization)
  · Calculating Ka from Percent Dissociation
14-14 -- Calculating the pH of Strong Base Solutions
  · Group I Hydroxides
  · Group II Hydroxides, and Antacids
14-15 -- Calculating the pH of Weak Base Solutions
  · Kb and Base Equilibrium Expressions
14-17 -- Polyprotic Acids
  · Diprotic Acids and Triprotic Acids
  · Stepwise Dissociation Reactions
14-19 -- Acid-Base Properties of Salts
  · Salts that Produce Neutral Solutions
  · Salts that Produce Basic Solutions
  · Salts that Produce Acidic Solutions

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General Chemistry Notes

Download General Chemistry Notes for immediate use. Our general chemistry notes are actual, perfectly-neat, handwritten notes that have helped thousands of students obtain the general chemistry help they need. So, "Stop Writing, We've Already Taken Your Notes."

First Semester General Chemistry Notes

Section 1 - Foundations of Chemistry

Section 2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 

Section 3 - Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry

Section 4 - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Section 5 - Gases

Section 6 - Thermochemistry

Section 7 - Quantum Mechanical View of the Atom, and Periodicity

Section 8 - Chemical Bonding

Section 9 - Covalent Bonding and Molecular Orbitals

Section 10 - Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces

Section 11 - Solutions and Their Properties